Useful KVS LDCE History Question Paper and Answers PDF 2023

(4) Aramaic

Aramaic is an ancient Semitic language that was widely used in the Near East, including Mesopotamia, from around the 10th century BCE until the 7th century CE. It was spoken by various civilizations, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Jews.

(2) (iii), (i), (iv), (ii)

The correct chronological order for the given names is as follows:

1. Gautamiputra Satakarni: was the greatest king of Satavahana dynasty in 106 CE.
2. Rudradaman: Rudradaman and Gautamiputra Satakarni were contemporaries and rulers of different regions in ancient India.
3. Yajashri Satakarni :Great grand son of Gautamiputra Satakarni.
4. Vatsyayana : Gautamiputra Satakarni, Rudradaman, and Yajashri Satakarni all belong to the post-Mauryan era in Indian history whereas Vatsyayana belongs to Gupta period.

(1) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)

The correct chronological order for the given names is as follows:

1. (Panchavimsha Brahmana) Samaveda.
2. (Satapath Brahmana) Yajurveda.
3. Apastambha Dharmasutra (associated with the Vedic tradition).
4. Dighanikaya (part of the Buddhist literature, Sutta Pitaka).

(2) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)

The correct chronological order is as follows:

1. Kunal (Stone Age).
2. Harappa (Indus Valley Civilization).
3. Sanauli (Chalcolithic culture).
4. Hastinapur (Vedic culture and Mahajanapada era).

(1) (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)

The correct chronological order for the given archaeological sites is as follows:

1. Dholavira (Indus Valley Civilization).
2. Prakash (Chalcolithic culture).
3. Mangalkot (Ancient fortified site).
4. Piprahwa (Buddhist site).

(2) (iv), (iii), (i), (ii)

The correct order of the administrative units in descending power structure is as follows:

1. Bhukti
2. Vishaya
3. Veethi
4. Gram

Bhukti represents a larger administrative division, often equivalent to a state. Vishaya is a smaller administrative unit, often equivalent to a district or region. Veethi represents a smaller locality, and Gram refers to a village. All these terms belong to Gupta administration.

(1) (ii),(iv),(i),(iii)

The correct match between List I and List II is as follows:

Kadambari, written by Banabhatta, is a significant work of classical Sanskrit literature. Banabhatta, a renowned poet and scholar, composed this enchanting romantic tale during the 7th century CE.

Mrichchhakatikam, also known as “The Little Clay Cart,” is a renowned Sanskrit play written by Shudraka, a playwright believed to have lived during the 5th century CE.

Aryabhattiya is a renowned mathematical and astronomical treatise written by Aryabhatta, an ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer who lived during the 5th century CE.

Brihatasamhita, written in Sanskrit, and authored by Varahamihira, is an ancient Indian text that encompasses a wide range of subjects, including astrology, astronomy, mathematics, geography, architecture, and more.

(4) (i),(ii),(iii),(iv)

The correct match between List I and List II is as follows:

Aryabhatta’s Dashagitikasutra is known for its concise and systematic approach to mathematics. It introduces the concept of place value system and decimal notation.

Panchasidhantika is a remarkable astronomical treatise composed by the renowned Indian astronomer Varahamihir. In this work, Varahamihir presents a compilation and synthesis of five different astronomical schools of thought prevalent during his time. These schools include the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, and Paitamaha Siddhanta.

Yogachara, One of the key proponents of Yogachara is the renowned Indian Buddhist philosopher Asanga. His most notable work is the Mahayanasamgraha, a comprehensive text that provides a systematic overview of the Yogachara philosophy.

Jainendra Vyakarana is a significant work in the field of grammar associated with the Jain tradition.

(2) (iii),(iv),(ii),(i)

Here is the corrected match between List-I and List-II for the Mahajanapadas and their capitals:

There were 16 Mahajanapadas and these Mahajanapadas were ancient kingdoms or republics in the Indian subcontinent during the 6th to 4th centuries BCE.

(1) (iv),(iii),(ii),(i)

The correct match between List-I and List-II is as follows:

The Chalukya Shiva Temple (earlier known as Lad Khan Temple), dedicated to Shiva, is one of the oldest Hindu temples and is located in the group of monuments at Aihole in the state of Karnataka.

Prabhawatigupta, also known as Prabhavati, was the daughter of Chandragupta II, the great Gupta emperor. She was married to Rudrasen-II, who was a powerful ruler of the Vakataka dynasty. Prabhawatigupta’s marriage alliance with Rudrasen-II helped forge a strong political relationship between the Guptas and the Vakatakas.

The Aihole Inscription holds great historical significance and provides valuable insights into the reign of Pulkeshin-II, a renowned ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. It is one of the earliest known inscriptions in the Kannada language and sheds light on the socio-political and cultural aspects of the time.

Dharmayagya holds a significant institution in the history of Nalanda, one of the most renowned ancient centers of learning in India. It represents the profound spiritual and intellectual pursuits that were integral to the culture and education system of Nalanda.

(1) (iv),(ii),(iii),(i)

The correct matching between List-I and List-II is as follows:

The Besnagar Garud pillar inscription is an important historical artifact dating back to the 2nd century BCE. It is attributed to Heliodorus, a Greek ambassador and devotee of Vasudeva (Krishna). The inscription, written in Brahmi script, provides valuable insights into the cultural and religious exchanges between the Greeks and Indians during that period.

The Mandsor stone inscription is an ancient inscription found in Mandsaur (Mandsor), Madhya Pradesh, India. The Mandsor stone inscription highlights the importance and influence of the guild of weavers in the economic and social fabric of the region.

The Madhuban copperplate inscription is an important historical document dating back to the reign of Emperor Harsha, who ruled over a large part of North India in the 7th century CE. The inscription was discovered in Madhuban, Uttar Pradesh, and is written on a copperplate.

The Nasik cave inscription, also known as the Nashik Prashasti, is an important inscription found in the caves of Nashik (Nasik), Maharashtra, India. It is attributed to King Pulumavi of the Satavahana dynasty, who ruled in the 1st century CE. The inscription is written in the Brahmi script and is considered one of the earliest known Sanskrit inscriptions in India.

(2) Ajatasatru

Ajatasatru, the son of King Bimbisara, established Pataligrama as the capital of Magadha around the 5th century BCE. The city flourished under subsequent Mauryan rulers, including Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great, and became a prominent political and economic center in ancient India.

(1) Both(A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

The statement (A) is a true statement as Sanskrit did indeed gain prominence and official recognition in Bengal during this period.

The fact that government officials knew Sanskrit does not serve as a sufficient explanation for Sanskrit becoming an official language in Bengal during that time period.

(2) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

The rise of Sanskrit as a prevalent language may have had some influence, but it does not provide a causal or explanatory link to the establishment of the state of Kamarupa.

(4) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Vakataka dynasty, which ruled parts of central and southern India from the 3rd to the 5th century CE, had patronized Brahmanical institutions and supported Brahmanical rituals and practices.

Vakataka rulers were known for granting land and other privileges to Brahmanas, which further strengthened the influence of Brahmanism in the region.

(2) (A) is true, but (R) is false

The overthrow of the Chalukyas by the Rashtrakutas was not primarily driven by the feudal system. Instead, it was a result of complex political, military, and regional dynamics that involved power struggles, alliances, and territorial ambitions among various ruling dynasties of the time.

(1) Badarayan

The Brahmasutra, also known as the Vedanta Sutra, is a foundational text of the Vedanta school of philosophy. It consists of aphoristic statements (sutras) that summarize the teachings of the Upanishads and provide a systematic analysis of the nature of reality, the self, and the relationship between the individual and the ultimate reality (Brahman).

(3) Belief in the other world

Charvaka, also known as Lokayata, is a school of Indian philosophy known for its materialistic and atheistic approach. It rejects the existence of the supernatural, including the belief in an afterlife or otherworldly realms.

(2) Sasanian rulers

The word ‘Hindustan’ is believed to have first appeared during the third century in the inscriptions of the Sasanian rulers. The Sasanians were a Persian dynasty that ruled over a vast empire, including parts of present-day Iran and Central Asia.

(3) Prakrit

Prakrit was a popular language derived from Sanskrit and was widely spoken and used for communication, administration, and literature during that time. Pali, another language derived from Prakrit, also gained prominence later, particularly in Buddhist scriptures.

(1) William Jones

The person who propounded that there is a close similarity between the European and Sanskrit languages is William Jones. Sir William Jones (1746-1794) was a prominent British philologist, Orientalist, and jurist. He is best known for his significant contributions to the study of ancient Indian languages and his role in establishing the field of Indo-European studies.

(1) Vitasta

The river Jhelum was known in the Vedic period by the name “Vitasta”.

(3) Kashi

The town of Varanasi, also known as Kashi, According to Jain tradition, Parsvanatha attained enlightenment and achieved moksha (liberation) in Varanasi.

(1) The rulers of Kamarupa

The rulers of Kamarupa adopted the title of ‘Varman’ for the first time. Kamarupa, located in present-day Assam in northeastern India, was an ancient kingdom that existed from the 4th century to the 17th century.

(3) 300 – 700 CE

(3) Vakatakas

The Vakataka dynasty emerged in the Deccan region of India after the decline of the Satavahanas. They ruled from the 3rd to the 5th century CE. The Vakatakas played a significant role in the history of South India and their kingdom included parts of present-day Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.

(1) The doab of Godavari and Krishna

Vengi, also known as Vengi Kingdom or Vengi Rajya, was a historical region located in the southeastern part of India. It was situated in the doab, or the fertile land between the Godavari and Krishna rivers. Vengi played a significant role in the political and cultural history of South India.

(2) Peasants

Peasants constituted the majority of the village population as they were directly involved in agricultural activities and were responsible for producing food and sustaining the village economy.

(4) Propagation of Buddhist religion

Although Ashoka embraced Buddhism and worked towards its promotion, he also supported other faiths.

(2) Kushana rulers

The Kushan Empire, which existed from the 1st to the 3rd century CE in Central Asia and Northern India, saw the adoption of the title Maharajadhiraja by its rulers. Kushan rulers like Kanishka and his successors assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja.

(2) Kushana rulers

The title of “Devaputra,” means “son of God” or “divine prince.” The Kushana rulers were known for their patronage of various religions, including Buddhism and Hinduism, and their adoption of the title “Devaputra” further enhanced their religious and political legitimacy.

(3) Kushanas

The Kushanas, who were of Central Asian origin, brought with them advanced cavalry techniques and equipment, including the horse saddle. Their introduction of the horse saddle significantly impacted military tactics and warfare in ancient India.

(3) Pepper

The spice known as “Yavan Priya” in Sanskrit language for its liking among the Indo-Greeks is Pepper.  Pepper, specifically black pepper, was highly valued for its distinctive flavor and aroma. Pepper was an important commodity among the Indo-Greeks which is well-documented in historical texts.

(4) Carnelian

Ujjaini, an ancient city in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India, was known for its production and trade of various goods, including semi-precious stones. Carnelian, a reddish-brown variety of chalcedony, was one of the stones that were exported from Ujjaini during that period.

(2) Indians

The use of indigo as a dye can be traced back to ancient civilizations in various parts of the world, including India, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. It was commonly extracted from plants, such as Indigofera tinctoria, and used to produce a rich blue color.

(4) Atharvaveda

The Atharvaveda, one of the four Vedas of ancient Indian literature, contains hymns and verses related to various aspects of life, including healing, diseases, and herbal remedies.

(1) Second century

The beginning of cave temples in India is associated with the second century. Ajanta and Karle were constructed in the second century.

(2) Poplar wood

The Mesopotamians had access to abundant natural resources such as gold, silver, and copper within their own region. However, poplar wood, which is a type of hardwood, was readily available in the region and did not need to be imported.

(4) Stepped Temple Platforms

They were large, pyramidal structures made of mud-brick that served as religious complexes and centers of worship. Ziggurats were built by ancient civilizations like the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. They were dedicated to the worship of specific deities and often housed a shrine or temple at the top.

(3) Fourth century

The Edict of Milan in 313, issued by Emperor Constantine, granted tolerance to Christianity and paved the way for its widespread acceptance. The conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and the subsequent adoption of Christianity as the state religion by Emperor Theodosius I in 380 were pivotal events that contributed to the Christianization of the Roman Empire during the fourth century.

(3) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Ibn Battuta visited the Delhi Sultanate in India. Ibn Battuta’s writings provide valuable insights into the socio-political, cultural, and historical aspects of the Delhi Sultanate during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

(3) Arabic

Al-Beruni’s Kitab-ul Hind (Book of India) was written in Arabic. Al-Beruni, an Islamic scholar and polymath, composed this significant work during the 11th century CE. In Kitab-ul Hind, Al-Beruni extensively documented various aspects of Indian culture, religion, philosophy, science, mathematics, geography, and more.

(4) Amir Khusrau

Amir Khusrau is credited with giving a unique form to the Chishti sama by introducing the Qaul. Amir Khusrau was a prominent Sufi poet, musician, and scholar who lived in the 13th century. He was a disciple of the famous Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya and played a significant role in the development of Qawwali, a devotional music form.

(3) Land under the direct control of the state

Khalisa land refers to land under the direct control of the state. The revenue from Khalisa land would directly go to the state treasury, and it was not subject to any revenue sharing or assignments.

(3) The class of rural intermediaries

In the Sultanate period, the terms “Khut” and “Muqaddam” referred to the class of rural intermediaries. These intermediaries acted as revenue collectors and played a significant role in the administration of rural areas.

(2) Nasiruddin Mahmud Chirag Dilli

He was known for his piety, spiritual teachings, and his role in spreading the Chishti Sufi tradition in the Delhi Sultanate. “Khair-ul Majalis” consists of the recorded discourses and teachings of Nasiruddin Mahmud Chirag Dilli and is considered a valuable text in the realm of Sufi literature.

(4) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

The statements about Alvars are as follows:

1. The famous Alvar saint Antal was a female: This statement is true. Antal, also known as Andal, was a female Alvar saint who is known for her devotion to Lord Vishnu and her compositions of devotional poetry in Tamil.
2. Nammalvar, the greatest of the Alvars, was a lowly shudra: Nammalvar was born into a low shudra caste and is said to have remained in a trance for the first 16 years of his life.
3. Alvar hymns in Tamil were composed in honor of God Vishnu and his avatars Rama and Krishna: This statement is true. The Alvar hymns, collectively known as the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, were composed in Tamil and dedicated to Lord Vishnu and his avatars, including Rama and Krishna.
4. Antal lyrically depicted the childhood and youth of Lord Krishna: This statement is true. Antal’s compositions often depicted the childhood and youth of Lord Krishna, expressing her love and devotion towards him.

(1) Ali Kufi

The rendering of Chachnamah was compiled by Ali Kufi. Ali Kufi, a Persian scholar, translated and compiled the Chachnamah from earlier Arabic sources during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate.

(1) N. Karashima

N. Karashima, a renowned historian and scholar, has indeed referred to the political economy of the Vijayanagara Empire as feudal. His research and analysis have highlighted the presence of feudalistic features within the Vijayanagara Empire’s socio-economic system during the sixteenth century.

(3) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

Firoz Shah Tughlaq, who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1351 to 1388, established the city of Jaunpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. It was named in the memory of his cousin, Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The city of Jaunpur became an important center of culture, trade, and administration during the Tughlaq dynasty.

(2) Alauddin Khalji

One of his significant reforms was the implementation of the “Dagh System,” which involved the measurement of land and assessment of revenue based on the actual cultivation of the land. This system aimed to ensure a fair and efficient revenue collection process.

(2) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

The statement (R) suggests that Aurangzeb assigned a large number of jagirs (land grants) to nobles from the Deccan. While this may have happened, it is not directly related to the decline in the number of Rajput, Irani, and Turani mansabdars. There could be other factors or reasons contributing to the decline in the representation of these groups within the Mughal nobility.

(1) Khamsa of Nizami

The “Khamsa of Nizami” is a collection of five narrative poems by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. This manuscript, commissioned by Emperor Humayun, features illustrations that reflect the influence of both Tabrizi and Bukharan artistic styles.

(1) Hazrat

Jahangir addressed his mother with the epithet “Hazrat” to show her the respect reserved for His Majesty himself. By addressing his mother as “Hazrat,” Jahangir demonstrated his deep respect and reverence for her, acknowledging her elevated position within the Mughal court and emphasizing her importance in his life.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation to (A).

Mansab (rank or position) was a requirement for holding a jagir (land revenue assignment). This is true because jagirdars were appointed from the ranks of mansabdars.

Reason (R) is also true as some mansabdars received their salary in cash directly from the treasury instead of being granted revenue assignments in the form of jagirs.

(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

While it is true that Jahangir had a particular interest in painting, it does not mean that he was not interested in other forms of art. In fact, Jahangir was also interested in architecture, poetry, music, and other forms of artistic expression.

(2) (i), (iii), (ii), (iv)

1. Khazain-ul Futuh: This source was written by Amir Khusrau in the 13th century and covers the reign of Emperor Alauddin Khalji, who ruled from 1306 to 1316.
2. Tabaqat-i Akbari: This source was written by Nizamuddin Ahmad in the 16th century and covers the reign of Emperor Akbar, which was from 1556 to 1605.
3. Ma’asir-i Jagangiri: This source was written by Muhammad Waris, also known as Waris Shah, in the 17th century. It provides a detailed account of the reign of Emperor Jahangir, who ruled from 1605 to 1627.
4. Waqiat-i Mushtaqi: This source was written by Sheikh Inayatullah Khan Al-Masud in the 17th century. It narrates the events during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan, who ruled from 1628 to 1658.

(2) (a) – (iv), (b) – (ii), (c) – (i), (d) – (iii)

François Bernier, a French physician and traveler, visited India during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb.

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, a French jeweler and traveler, visited India during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Pelsaert, also known as Pieter Pelsaert, was a Dutch merchant and explorer who visited India during the reign of Jahangir.

Ralph Fitch was an English merchant and explorer who visited India during the reign of Akbar.

(3) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

The chronological order of the reformers of the medieval Bhakti movement is as follows:

1. Namdev: He is known for his devotional songs and poems in praise of Lord Vitthal (Vithoba) and is considered one of the earliest Bhakti movement figures.
2. Vallabhacharya: philosopher and theologian who founded the Pushti Marg (Path of Grace) sect within the Bhakti movement. He focused on devotion to Lord Krishna.
3. Ramananda: He played a significant role in spreading the Bhakti movement in North India. He emphasized devotion to Lord Rama and advocated social equality and inclusivity in his teachings.
4. Kabir: is one of the most well-known figures of the Bhakti movement. His poems and verses, which blend elements of Hinduism and Islam, emphasize inner spirituality over religious rituals.

(3) (i), (ii), and (iv)

1. He was the disciple of the sufi saint Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya. This statement is true. Amir Khusrau was a disciple and close companion of the renowned sufi saint Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
2. He is said to have written several treatises on music. This statement is true. Amir Khusrau was not only a poet but also a highly skilled musician and composer. He is credited with writing several treatises on music, including the famous “Kitab al-Nawadir” and “Kitab al-Aqwal al-Khusrawiyya,” which delve into various aspects of music theory and practice.
3. His work Khazain-ul Futuh deals with the reign of Sultan Kaiqubad. This statement is incorrect. “Khazain-ul Futuh” is not a work by Amir Khusrau but rather a historical chronicle written by Amir Hasan Sijzi, who served as a court historian during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji. It provides a detailed account of the military campaigns and victories during Sultan Alauddin Khalji’s rule.
4. The musical instrument sitar is regarded as his invention. This statement is not entirely accurate. While Amir Khusrau is often credited with the development and refinement of various musical instruments, including the sitar, it is more accurate to say that he played a significant role in the evolution and popularization of the sitar and other instruments rather than being their sole inventor

(4) He appointed a high officer called sahab-i Riyasat to control each market is wrong

During Alauddin Khalji’s reign to refer to the officers in charge of controlling markets was “Diwan-i-Riyasat” and not “Sahab-i-Riyasat.” The Diwan-i-Riyasat was responsible for overseeing and regulating the markets and ensuring proper administration of economic affairs.

(1) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

The word “Arban” is Mongolian for “ten”. It was the name of the smallest unit in the Mongol army, which consisted of 10 soldiers. It was the basic unit of combat, and it was responsible for carrying out a variety of tasks, including scouting, raiding, and fighting.

The word “Jagun” is Mongolian for “hundred”. It was the name of a military unit in the Mongol army that consisted of 100 soldiers. Jaguns were also used to form larger formations, such as mingghans (regiments) and tumens (divisions).

The word “Mingghan” is Mongolian for “1000”. It was the name of a military unit in the Mongol army that consisted of 1000 soldiers. Ten jaguns (companies of 100 soldiers) made up a mingghan. Mingghans were commanded by a mingghan noyan, who was responsible for the unit’s discipline, morale, and training.

The word “Tumen” is Mongolian for “ten thousand”. It was the name of a military unit in the Mongol army that consisted of 10,000 soldiers. Ten mingghans (regiments of 1000 soldiers) made up a tumen. Tumens were commanded by a tumen noyan, who was responsible for the unit’s discipline, morale, and training.

(2) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

1. Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi: The construction of Humayun’s Tomb began in 1565 and was completed in 1572. It was commissioned by Emperor Humayun’s wife, Empress Bega Begum, and is considered a masterpiece of Mughal architecture.
2. Taj Mahal, Agra: The construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 and was completed in 1653. It was commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is considered one of the most magnificent examples of Mughal architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Jama Masjid, Delhi: The construction of Jama Masjid in Delhi started in 1650 and was completed in 1656. It was commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan, who also built the iconic Taj Mahal. Jama Masjid is one of the largest and most renowned mosques in India.
4. Badshahi Masjid, Lahore: The construction of Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, present-day Pakistan, started in 1671 and was completed in 1673. It was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb, the son of Shah Jahan. The Badshahi Masjid is one of the largest mosques in the world and is a prominent landmark of Lahore.

(3) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)

Jahandar Shah: Jahandar Shah became the Mughal emperor in 1717 after overthrowing his father, Bahadur Shah I. However, his reign was short-lived and marked by incompetence and mismanagement.

Muhammad Shah: Muhammad Shah ascended the throne in 1719 after the overthrow of Farrukhsiyar. He is known for his patronage of arts and culture, but his reign witnessed a decline in Mughal power and authority.

Ahmad Shah: Ahmad Shah became the Mughal emperor in 1748. His reign was marked by conflicts and struggles for power among the nobles, and the Mughal Empire continued to weaken during his rule.

Alamgir II: Mirza Aziz-ud-Din Muhammad, better known by his regnal name Alamgir II, was the fifteenth Mughal emperor from 1754 to 1759. He was the son of Jahandar Shah.

(3) Batn Khan

Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, led the Mongol invasions into the Russian lands in the 13th century. He established the Golden Horde, a Mongol state in the region, and his forces devastated Russian lands, advancing as far as Moscow.

Kublai Khan was another grandson of Genghis Khan who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Hulagu Khan was a grandson of Genghis Khan who led the Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate and established the Ilkhanate in Persia.

Mongke Khan was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and played a significant role in expanding Mongol territories.

(1) Jaunpur

jaunpur, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, was one of the earliest regions in India to assert its independence from the Delhi Sultanate. It became a prominent kingdom under the Sharqi dynasty, which ruled from the 14th to the 15th century. The rulers of Jaunpur maintained their autonomy and successfully resisted attempts by the Delhi Sultanate to regain control over the region.

(3) Bukka I

Bukka I was one of the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire along with his brother, Harihara I. As part of diplomatic relations, Bukka I sent an embassy to the emperor of China to foster trade and cultural exchanges between the two regions.

(3) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Statement (i) is correct, as Akbar abolished the jiziya tax in 1564.
Statement (ii) is also correct, as Akbar did reimpose the jiziya tax in 1575, although it was later abolished again.
Statement (iii) is correct, as Akbar abolished the jiziya tax in 1579-1580, before it was reimposed by Aurangzeb.
Statement (iv) is correct, as Aurangzeb reimposed the jiziya tax in 1679.

(3) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

1. Shaikh Moinuddin Chishti was associated with the city of Ajmer, where he established the famous Ajmer Sharif Dargah.
2. Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya was centered in the city of Multan in present-day Pakistan, where he spread his teachings and established a Sufi order.
3. Shaikh Farid ud din Masud Ganj-i Shakar, commonly known as Baba Farid, had his activities centered in Pakpattan, a city in Punjab, Pakistan.
4. Nizamuddin Aulya was a prominent Sufi saint associated with Delhi, where he attracted a large following and established his Khanqah.

(2) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)

1. Futuh refers to unasked for charity or blessings that are bestowed upon individuals by Sufi saints without them having to request for it.
2. Khanqah is a place where Sufi saints reside and carry out their spiritual activities. It is often referred to as a Sufi hospice or a center for spiritual gatherings and practices.
3. Barkat signifies the spiritual grace or blessings that a Sufi saint acquires through their spiritual journey and practices. It represents the divine blessings and favors bestowed upon them.
4. Malfuz refers to the recorded or written conversations, teachings, and discourses of a Sufi saint. It includes their spiritual insights, guidance, and wisdom shared with their disciples and followers.

(3) (i) and (ii)

Henri Pirenne’s work focused on examining the influence of Islamic expansion and trade disruptions on the transformation of economic and social structures in Europe, including the development of feudalism.

(3) Marc Bloch

Marc Bloch, a prominent French historian and medievalist, propounded the theory of “feudalism as ties of dependence. According to Bloch, feudalism was not simply a political and economic system based on land ownership and obligations, but rather a complex web of personal relationships and dependencies.

(4) Horace – Wrote masterly commentaries on Gallic and Civil Wars

1. Cicero, the Roman statesman, lawyer, and philosopher, is known for his extensive works on oratory and philosophy. He was considered one of the greatest orators of his time and played a significant role in Roman politics.
2. Cornelius Nepos was a Roman historian and biographer who is known for his work in composing Latin biographies. He wrote a collection of biographies titled “De Vita Excellentium Imperatorum” (On the Lives of Famous Commanders), which included biographical accounts of prominent Greek and Roman leaders.
3. Vergil, also known as Virgil, was a Roman poet who is famous for his epic poem called the “Aeneid.” The Aeneid is considered Rome’s national epic as it tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero who traveled to Italy and became the ancestor of the Roman people.
4. Horace, the Roman poet and satirist, did not write masterly commentaries on Gallic and Civil Wars. This statement is incorrect. Horace is known for his lyric poetry and satires, not for commentaries on wars.

(4) 1347 – 1350

The time estimate of the Black Death epidemic, caused by the bubonic plague, is commonly considered to be from 1347 to 1350. The outbreak started in Europe during the mid-14th century and spread rapidly, resulting in one of the most devastating pandemics in history.

(3) 1580

The first Jesuit mission reached Akbar’s court at Fatehpur Sikri in 1580. They were known for their missionary work and played a significant role in spreading Christianity during the age of exploration and colonization.

Akbar, the Mughal emperor, was known for his religious tolerance and interest in various faiths. He established a policy of Sulh-e-Kul, which promoted harmony among different religions.

(2) Sennacherib

Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and influential kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, ruling from 705 to 681 BC. Under his reign, Nineveh, located on the east bank of the Tigris River in present-day Iraq, became the capital city and a center of magnificent architecture, infrastructure, and cultural achievements.

(2) Justinian I

The compilation of Roman law under Justinian I aimed to create a standardized and comprehensive legal system, providing a basis for legal practice and administration throughout the Byzantine Empire.

While Romulus was the legendary founder and first king of Rome, Augustus was the first Roman Emperor, and Gaius Marius was a prominent military and political figure in the late Roman Republic. However, it was Justinian I who oversaw the enactment of the compilation of Roman law.

(2) Firdausi

Among the poets gathered by Mahmud Ghazni, the most outstanding poet was Firdausi. Firdausi, also known as Abu’l-Qasim Ferdowsi, was a Persian poet who lived during the 10th and 11th centuries. He is best known for his epic poem, the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), which chronicles the mythical and historical past of Persia (Iran) from the creation of the world until the Islamic conquests.

(2) Secundrah Bagh in Lucknow

In March 1858, British forces, under the command of Brigadier-General Henry Havelock, launched an assault on Secundrah Bagh to quell the rebellion. The Bagh was heavily fortified, and the British forces faced fierce resistance from the rebels. Eventually, the British breached the walls and engaged in a bloody confrontation with the rebels.

(1) The new Meiji government forced the tribal warlords belonging to Choshu, Satsuma, Tosa and Hizen to surrender their lands to the Emperor

Meiji government sought to dismantle the power of regional domains and feudal lords. The tribal warlords, known as daimyo, were indeed forced to surrender their lands and authority to the Emperor. This was done to centralize political control and create a more unified Japan under the Emperor’s rule.

(1) Vedre Ramchandra Reddy

He donated a hundred acres of land to Vinoba Bhave in 1951, which played a significant role in inspiring Vinoba to initiate the ‘Bhoodan‘ (land gift) movement. This movement aimed to persuade wealthy landowners to voluntarily donate land to be distributed among landless farmers and promote social justice and equality in rural areas.

(1) (a), (b), (c), (d)

1. Syed Badruddin Tyabji: He served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1887. He was the first Muslim to hold the position.
2. Rahimatullah M. Sayani: He served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1907. Sayani was a prominent lawyer and social reformer.
3. Syed Hassan Imam: He served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1919. He played a significant role in the Khilafat movement and was known for his efforts towards Hindu-Muslim unity.
4. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: He served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1940. Maulana Azad was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate for Hindu-Muslim unity.

(2) Shah Mal

Sah Mal was a prominent rebel leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He mobilized and organized the peasantry in the Meerut region to participate in the uprising against British rule.

However, Shah Mal’s involvement in the rebellion was short-lived, as he was killed in a battle against the British forces in July 1857. Despite his death, his efforts and sacrifice served as an inspiration for others to continue the fight for independence during the rebellion.

(2) Dr. Zakir Hussain Committee

The Dr. Zakir Hussain Committee, also known as the Basic Education Committee, was established in 1937 to prepare the details of the Wardha Scheme of Basic Education.

The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education aimed to provide a comprehensive and holistic education system based on Gandhian principles. It emphasized practical and productive education, focusing on the overall development of students’ physical, intellectual, and moral faculties.

(2) Raj Kumar Shukla

Raj Kumar Shukla, a farmer from Champaran in Bihar, met Mahatma Gandhi during a train journey in 1917. He informed Gandhi about the issues faced by the indigo farmers in Champaran, who were being forced to cultivate indigo under oppressive conditions by British indigo planters. Raj Kumar Shukla passionately requested Gandhi to visit Champaran and help the farmers in their struggle for justice.

(2) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)

1. John William Kaye, a British civil servant and historian, is indeed the author of “A History of the Sepoy War.” This book, also known as “The History of the Indian Mutiny,” provides a comprehensive account of the events surrounding the Indian Rebellion of 1857, commonly referred to as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence.
2. Edward John Thompson was a British scholar, novelist, historian, and translator. He is remembered for his translations from Bengali into English and his association with Rabindranath Tagore. His work “The Other Side of the Medal” (1925), which examines the Revolt of 1857 from an Indian perspective
3. S.N. Sen, also known as Surendra Nath Sen, was an Indian historian and writer who made notable contributions to the field of Indian history. “Eighteen Fifty-seven” is a historical book that focuses on the significant events and repercussions of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Independence.
4. S. B Chudhary also known as Shashi Bhusan Choudary. This book gives an account of the resistance to British rule in India. They include all forms of rebellion, the revolts of ryots against their landed chiefs protected by the British, communal struggles, and political commotions originating from the policies of rulers.

(3) Dutch

Masulipatnam was an important port on the Coromandel Coast of India, and the Dutch established their trading post there to engage in the spice trade and other commercial activities.

(2) Rassundari Devi

The Bengali woman who wrote a story of her life titled “Amar Jivan” in 1868 was Rassundari Devi. Rassundari Devi was a Bengali writer and autobiographer who is known for her memoir that provides valuable insights into the life of women in 19th-century Bengal. Her work, “Amar Jivan,” is considered one of the earliest autobiographies written by an Indian woman.

(2) 1857

The universities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta were established in the year 1857. These universities were among the earliest modern universities established in India during the British colonial period. These universities were:

1. University of Bombay: The University of Bombay (now known as the University of Mumbai) was established on July 18, 1857. It was the first university to be set up in western India. The university initially functioned as an affiliating and examining body, overseeing the colleges and institutions in the Bombay Presidency region.
2. University of Madras: The University of Madras was established on September 5, 1857. It was established as a result of the efforts of the British governor of Madras, Lord Elphinstone. The university aimed to provide higher education in various disciplines and to promote the study of Indian languages, literature, and culture.
3. University of Calcutta: The University of Calcutta, also known as Calcutta University, was established on January 24, 1857. It was the first modern university in India and one of the oldest universities in the country. The university was founded by the efforts of scholars and educational reformists like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Henry Louis Vivian Derozio.

(4) (b) and (d) only

George Yule, and Sir Henry Cotton all served as Presidents of the Indian National Congress at different times. However, Rabindranath Tagore did not become the President of the Indian National Congress. A.O. Hume was a British civil servant and one of the founders of the Indian National Congress (INC).

(2) Rangoon

After the Revolt of 1857-58, Emperor Bahadur Shah was tried by the British and subsequently exiled. He was sent into exile to Rangoon (present-day Yangon) in Burma (now Myanmar). He spent the rest of his life there until his death in 1862.

(1) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)

Partition of Bengal – This event occurred in 1905. It was a controversial decision by Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, to divide the province of Bengal into two separate administrative entities, Bengal and East Bengal. The partition was met with widespread protests and political opposition.

Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre – This tragic incident happened in 1919. General Reginald Dyer ordered the British Indian Army to open fire on a crowd of unarmed protestors at Jallianwallah Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. Hundreds of people were killed and many more were injured, sparking outrage across India.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact – This event took place in 1931. It was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The pact aimed to resolve the issues related to the civil disobedience movement and led to the release of political prisoners and a temporary truce between the Indian National Congress and the British government.

Quit India movement – This significant event occurred in 1942. It was a mass civil disobedience movement launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The movement aimed for India’s immediate independence from British rule and witnessed widespread participation and subsequent repression by the British authorities.

(3) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

(a) Yalta conference – (ii) Germany’s unconditional surrender
The Yalta Conference, held in 1945, was a meeting between the leaders of the Allied powers (Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin). While the conference discussed various issues related to post-war Europe, it did not involve Germany’s unconditional surrender. Germany’s surrender was later achieved through the German Instrument of Surrender signed on May 7, 1945.

(b) Dumbarton Oaks Conference – (i) To discuss the formation of UNO
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference, held in 1944, was indeed a meeting to discuss the establishment of the United Nations Organization (UNO). Representatives from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China participated in the conference.

(c) Tehran Meeting – (iv) Agreement on a Second Front
The Tehran Conference, held in 1943, was a meeting between the leaders of the Allied powers (Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill). One of the key outcomes of the conference was an agreement on opening a Second Front against Germany in Western Europe, which was later realized through the Normandy landings in 1944.

(d) Cairo Declaration – (iii) Japan’s unconditional surrender
The Cairo Declaration, issued in 1943, was a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, and China regarding their objectives for the post-war settlement with Japan. It called for Japan’s unconditional surrender, leading to the end of World War II in the Pacific.

(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)

Annie Besant was associated with the newspaper called “New India.” She served as its editor and used it as a platform to advocate for Indian independence and social reforms.

Maulana A.K. Azad was the editor of the newspaper “Al Hilal,” which played a significant role in promoting the cause of Indian independence and advocating for the rights of Muslims in India.

Maulana Mohammad Ali was associated with the newspaper “Comerade,” which he founded to promote the cause of Indian independence and to advocate for the rights of Muslims in India.

Aurobindo Ghosh was associated with the song “Bande Mataram.” He composed the song, which became a popular nationalist hymn during the Indian independence movement.

(1) (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)

The chronological order of the events is as follows:

1. Indian Universities Act: The Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904. This act brought reforms to the higher education system in British India and aimed to modernize and regulate the functioning of universities. It introduced significant changes in the administration, curriculum, and governance of universities, emphasizing the role of the government in education.
2. Formation of Ghadar Party: The Ghadar Party was formed in 1913 by Indian immigrants in the United States with the aim of seeking independence for India from British rule. The party played a significant role in organizing revolutionary activities against British rule.
3. Gandhiji’s Champaran Campaign: Gandhiji’s Champaran Campaign took place in 1917 in Champaran, Bihar. It was one of Gandhiji’s first successful movements in India and involved the agitation against the oppressive indigo plantation system. Gandhiji mobilized the farmers and fought for their rights, leading to significant reforms in the indigo industry.
4. Formation of All India Depressed Classes League: The All India Depressed Classes League was formed in 1930 by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent social reformer and the champion of the rights of the oppressed and marginalized sections of society. The league aimed to address the social and political issues faced by the Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) and other oppressed communities.

(1) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress who advocated for constitutional reforms and gradual progress towards self-government within the British Empire. He was considered a moderate leader.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, also known as Lokmanya Tilak, was a nationalist leader and one of the prominent voices of the Indian independence movement. He advocated for radical means to achieve self-rule and was associated with the extremist faction within the Indian National Congress.

Bhagat Singh was a revolutionary freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He was involved in acts of resistance against British rule and became an iconic figure for his courage and sacrifice.

Chittaranjan Das was a prominent leader and lawyer who advocated for the concept of “swaraj” (self-rule) in India. He was associated with the Swaraj Party, which was formed within the Indian National Congress and aimed to attain self-government through legislative means.

(2) (A) is correct but (R) is false

The Assertion (A) is correct. The Abolition of slavery by an Act of Parliament in Britain in 1833 did grant freedom to thousands of slaves working in the crown colonies. The Act, known as the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, including its colonies.

The Reason (R) is incorrect in relation to the given assertion. The indentured system to recruit laborers from India to work on plantations in the Crown Colonies was introduced earlier, not in the 1830s. The indenture system began in the early 19th century, with the first Indian indentured laborers sent to Mauritius in 1834, followed by other colonies like Trinidad, British Guiana (now Guyana), and Fiji. However, this reason does not directly explain the assertion made about the abolition of slavery in 1833.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Lord Curzon, during his administration as the Viceroy of India (1899-1905), implemented policies that aimed to increase official control over university education in India, this is reflected in Assertion (A).

The Reason (R) provides the motivation behind Lord Curzon’s actions.Lord Curzon intended to shape the curriculum and governance of universities in a way that would promote loyalty to British rule among the educated Indian population.

(1) Herman Kalenbach

Hermann Kallenbach named the farm after Leo Tolstoy. Kallenbach, a close associate and friend of Mahatma Gandhi, admired Tolstoy’s ideas on nonviolence, simplicity, and communal living. As a tribute to Tolstoy’s influence, Kallenbach named the farm “Phoenix,” symbolizing rebirth and renewal.

(2) Bardoli

Bardoli is a region in Gujarat, India. The no-tax campaign aimed to encourage people to refuse payment of taxes to the British government as a form of civil disobedience and protest against British rule. The campaign in Bardoli was one of the significant initiatives undertaken during the Non-Cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.

(1) Chandernagore

Chandernagore, also known as Chandannagar, is located in the Hooghly district of West Bengal. It was a French colonial settlement from the 17th century until 1950 when it was integrated into the Indian Union. Chandernagore was one of the five French settlements in India along with Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, and Yanam.

(4) Champak Raman Pillai was its Prime Minister

Raja Mahendra Pratap was indeed the President of the first provisional government of India in exile. Its headquarters was established at Bagh-i-Babur at Kabul in Afghanistan. The provisional government did receive support from external powers like Germany, Russia, Turkey, and Afghanistan.

(4) Lala Lajpat Rai

Lala Lajpat Rai was primarily active within India and did not have direct involvement with the revolutionary activities based in London. On the other hand, Shyamji Krishna Varma, V.D. Savarkar, and Lala Har Dayal were notable figures associated with the London-based center and played crucial roles in organizing and promoting revolutionary activities from abroad.

(3) Most of the countries put heavy tariffs on goods imported

During the 19th century, many countries implemented protectionist policies to shield their domestic industries from foreign competition. This often involved imposing high tariffs or import duties on imported goods to make them more expensive and less competitive in the domestic market. The purpose was to promote domestic industries, protect local jobs, and reduce dependence on foreign goods.

(1) The Molasses Act

The Molasses Act was enacted by the British Parliament in 1733, not in 1753. It aimed to impose a tax on imported molasses and sugar from non-British colonies, particularly affecting trade between the American colonies and the French West Indies.

The Colonial Currency Act of 1764 was an act passed by the British Parliament that regulated the issuance and use of paper currency in the American colonies. It prohibited the colonies from issuing their own paper money as legal tender and required them to use only British currency.

The Quartering Act of 1765 was another act passed by the British Parliament that required colonial governments to provide housing, food, and other provisions for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Watunga Settlement in Eastern Tennessee refers to the establishment of a settlement by European settlers in present-day Tennessee in 1769. The settlement was led by William Bean, who is considered one of the first permanent white settlers in Tennessee.

(4) W.C. Banarjee

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha was founded by a group of English-educated Parsis in 1851. Leaders of the movement included Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama, and S.S. Bengalee.

(3) He encouraged idol worship

Swami Dayanand , the founder of the Arya Samaj, emphasized the importance of the Vedas and considered them as infallible and inspired words of God. He criticized the Puranas and other scriptures that he believed contained false teachings. Additionally, he advocated for the study of Western sciences and promoted a rational and scientific approach to knowledge.

(2) It raised the age of marriage for girls to 18 years.

The Child Marriage Restraint Act,1929, commonly known as the Sarda Act, did not raise the age of marriage for girls to 18 years. It set the age of marriage for girls at 14 years and for boys at 18 years. The act aimed to restrict child marriages and provide legal measures to prevent the solemnization of marriage where one or both parties were underage. The act was named after its sponsor, Harbilas Sarda and it was indeed supported by the All India Women’s Conference and had public support in general.

(2) Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh landholders of Punjab

The party emerged in Punjab during the 1920s and gained significant support from the agricultural landowning communities. It aimed to protect the rights and interests of these landholders, who were predominantly from the Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh communities.

(3) Landholders Society

The earliest public associations established before the Indian National Congress in India were:

1. Landholders Society: The Landholders Society was founded in Bengal in 1838 and primarily represented the interests of the landowning classes.
2. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha: The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was established in 1867 in Pune, Maharashtra, and worked towards promoting education, social reforms, and political awareness among the masses.
3. Madras Mahajana Sabha: The Madras Mahajana Sabha was established in 1884 and played a significant role in advocating for political and social reforms in Madras (now Chennai) Presidency.
4. Bombay Presidency Association: The Bombay Presidency Association was formed in 1885 and aimed to address the political concerns of the people in the Bombay Presidency (now Maharashtra and Gujarat).

(3) Title of a book dealing with indentured migration

Chalo Jahaji is known as the title of a book dealing with indentured migration. The book, titled “Chalo Jahaji: On a Journey Through Indenture in Fiji,” was written by Brij V. Lal and published in 2000. It explores the history and experiences of Indian indentured laborers who were brought to Fiji and other parts of the world during the colonial period. The term “Chalo Jahaji” itself refers to the call used by recruiters to encourage Indian laborers to board the ships (Jahaji) and embark on their journey to distant lands for indentured labor.

(3) 1868

The Tokugawa rule was overthrown, and the Meiji government was established in the year 1868. The political power shifted from the Tokugawa shogunate to the emperor and a new era of modernization and Westernization began. The Meiji government implemented various reforms to modernize Japan’s political, economic, and social systems and to strengthen the country’s position on the international stage.

(2) 1958

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse Tung) announced the policy of the Great Leap Forward in the year 1958. To rapidly transform China from an agrarian society to an industrialized nation. The policy aimed to achieve massive economic growth and increase agricultural and industrial production through collective farming and centralized planning. However, the Great Leap Forward ultimately led to disastrous consequences, including widespread famine and economic instability.

(2) Not sharing natural national resources

The Panchsheel Treaty, also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was a set of principles that formed the basis of India-China relations. The principles included

• mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity
• mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
• peaceful co-existence
• equality
• mutual benefit

(4) To seek reforms in the religious order to improve the status of the untouchables.

While the other objectives mentioned were indeed part of the agenda of the Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha, seeking reforms in the religious order was not specifically listed as one of their objectives. The focus of the organization was primarily on the emancipation of untouchables, eradication of illiteracy, and the fight for political and legal rights.

(2) Rabindra Nath Tagore

The first Asian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 was Rabindranath Tagore.  Rabindranath Tagore, a renowned Indian poet, playwright, and philosopher, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his collection of poems called “Gitanjali” (Song Offerings). He became the first non-European to receive this prestigious honor.

(3) Bhishma Sahni – Oriya

Bhishma Sahni is a renowned Indian playwright, but he primarily wrote in Hindi, not Oriya. He is known for his contributions to Hindi literature and theater.

(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Karl Marx and Engels did see the Renaissance as the relation between arts and the economy, emphasizing the connection between cultural production and material production. They also suggested that the economic base shapes the cultural superstructure. Therefore, both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are correct, and the Reason (R) provides the correct explanation for the Assertion (A).